Site will be down for 2 weeks. Can I save my rankings?

The data center my server is off line, and won't be back online until the 11th. They went offline on the 23rd of Feb.

Even worse, it turns out that my last few database backups are corrupt!

I am very concern that the work I have put into my SEO is currently going down the drain. Is there anyway I can tell the spiders that the lost links are only temporary? Will the 302 redirect work for me? If so, how can I use it?

the 302 will only work effectively if it re-directs to the identical page, just at a different url.

honestly, i think the best thing to do would be to leave it going to a 404.
This will push it to a supplimental result.
when yo're back, the supplimentals will go back to regular links in due time.... but suplimentals still show on the SE result pages.

find a new host dude? lol another recommendation.

I would find a new host, Any good host will have the site back up within 24 hrs.